Vulvovaginal Candidiasis (VVC), a common and cumbersome reproductive tract infection, places a burden on women's physical and mental health. In spite of Candida albicans being the previously reported most frequent cause of vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC), there is a notable shift in the Candida species involved, accompanied by variations in their susceptibility to different antifungal drugs. During the period from March 2021 to February 2022, this descriptive, cross-sectional, observational study explored the range of Candida species involved in vulvovaginal candidiasis (VVC) and analyzed the susceptibility patterns of these species to antifungal agents. Sabouraud dextrose agar, containing chloramphenicol, was utilized to culture high vaginal swabs from 175 patients, each displaying clinical indicators suggesting vulvovaginal candidiasis. Species were determined by utilizing a combination of phenotypic methods, including germ tube testing and sub-culturing on chromogenic agar media, and genotypic methods like Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP). The disk diffusion method was utilized to evaluate the antifungal susceptibility. Of the total 175 patients, 52 (a substantial 297%) tested positive for the presence of Candida species. Among the isolates, Candida albicans comprised 34 (representing 650 percent), while Non-albicans Candida (NAC) accounted for 18 (350 percent). Candida glabrata (96%, 5) and Candida tropicalis (96%, 5) exhibited the highest prevalence among the non-albicans Candida species, with Candida parapsilosis (77%, 4 cases) exhibiting a moderately high prevalence. The remaining species, Candida krusei, Candida kefyr, Candida ciferrii, and Candida dubliniensis, each represented a single case (19% each). The susceptibility testing for antifungal agents indicated Clotrimazole presented the strongest resistance at 310%, while Nystatin's resistance was 130%, Itraconazole's 120%, and Fluconazole's 100%. Albicans displayed a lower resistance to azoles in comparison to NAC. From the examined patient group, 16 (accounting for 310% of the sample) had a history of recurring vulvovaginal candidiasis (RVVC). A considerable 12 (750%) of these cases were treated with fluconazole (NAC), with a notable 5 (320%) showcasing Candida glabrata infection. The increasing incidence of NAC-associated vaginitis, presenting with heightened resistance and recurrence, merits consideration within the realm of gynecological care.
The clavicle, the first bone to ossify, is a component of the pectoral girdle. The upper limb's bony connection to the torso is uniquely represented by this bone. A study, sourced from the Department of Anatomy's collection of dry human clavicles, was conducted to determine the precise size and morphological characteristics of the human clavicle across its full range. To establish baseline data on the clavicular bow's transverse plane characteristics, this study was undertaken. A cross-sectional, descriptive study, with analytical components, was conducted on 150 completely ossified, dry clavicles (65 right, 85 left) at Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh, from January 2020 to December 2020. Samples, which adhered to the inclusion criteria, were procured using a non-random sampling technique from the Anatomy department of Mymensingh Medical College and the Community Based Medical College of Bangladesh. A rigid osteometry board facilitated the measurement of medial and lateral curvature depths, which were then documented in millimeters. The current study examined 65 right and 85 left clavicles, revealing mean depths of medial curvature to be 1554354mm and 1545324mm, respectively. Regarding lateral curvature depth on the right side, the meanSD was 1171254mm; the left side's meanSD lateral curvature depth was 921231mm. The correlation between the depth of medial and lateral curvatures on each side exhibited a positive correlation as reflected in the regression line; despite this trend, no statistically significant difference was observed between the sides.
A study was conducted to evaluate the levels of serum calcium and magnesium in hospitalized patients suffering from chronic kidney disease. This cross-sectional investigation, undertaken in the Department of Biochemistry, Mymensingh Medical College (MMC), Bangladesh, leveraged the expertise of the Department of Nephrology, Mymensingh Medical College Hospital, Bangladesh, between January 2021 and December 2021. Utilizing purposive and convenient sampling techniques, subjects were selected in accordance with established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The research involved a cohort of 110 subjects. The CKD patient group, Group I, consisted of 55 individuals. Group II, comprised of 55 healthy individuals. Subjects received briefings prior to providing written consent. With meticulous aseptic care, 50 ml of venous blood was taken from the median cubital vein. In the Biochemistry Department of Mymensingh Medical College, analyses were completed, leading to the measurement of serum calcium and magnesium levels. The mean, along with the standard deviation, was used to report each value. All the statistical analyses were done via the SPSS (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) Windows package version 210. Evaluating the divergence in results between Group I and Group II involved utilizing the Student's unpaired t-test, and a p-value below 0.05 was the criterion for significance. A correlation analysis was conducted utilizing Pearson's correlation coefficient. In Group I, the mean and standard deviation of serum calcium were 815054 mg/dL and 980050 mg/dL, respectively, while the mean and standard deviation of serum magnesium were 225017 mg/dL and 195050 mg/dL, respectively. Comparatively, Group II presented with mean and standard deviation serum calcium values of 980050 mg/dL and 815054 mg/dL, and mean and standard deviation serum magnesium values of 195050 mg/dL and 225017 mg/dL, respectively. In CKD patients, a highly significant (p < 0.0001) decrease in mean serum calcium and a highly significant (p < 0.0001) increase in serum magnesium were observed when compared to healthy individuals.
The in vitro antibacterial potential of chloroform extracts isolated from henna (Lawsonia inermis) leaves was examined against two nosocomial bacteria, Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Mymensingh Medical College, Bangladesh, hosted an interventional study within the Departments of Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Microbiology, spanning the timeframe from January 2021 to December 2021. Chloroform Henna leaf extract concentrations were evaluated for antibacterial activity employing the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods. The extract's preparation was accomplished by utilizing chloroform and 0.1% Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The test microorganisms were examined for their activity against the standard antibiotic Ciprofloxacin, using a broth dilution method, and the resultant data was compared to the chloroform extract data. Nine initial concentrations of Chloroform Henna Extracts (CHE) were examined—specifically, 25, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 mg/ml—during the pioneering studies. Higher concentrations of CHE, specifically 100mg/ml and above, demonstrated an inhibitory effect on the growth of both Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae. The MICs for Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae were determined to be 100 mg/mL and 200 mg/mL in CHE, respectively. Against Staphylococcus aureus, the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was found to be 1 gram per milliliter. Against Klebsiella pneumoniae, the MIC was 15 grams per milliliter. The test organisms' minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of CHE showed higher values compared to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin. Through this study, it was determined that chloroform henna extracts displayed antibacterial properties effective against foodborne pathogens. The extract of henna leaves (Lawsonia inermis) in chloroform displays a discernible antibacterial effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae.
In clinical settings, the electrolyte imbalance hyponatremia is frequently observed, representing a common laboratory finding in children affected by community-acquired pneumonia. To ascertain the relationship between clinical presentation, disease severity, and final outcomes in community-acquired pneumonia with hyponatremia in children (aged 2 to 60 months), a study was conducted. Mymensingh Medical College Hospital's pediatric department in Bangladesh was the location of this descriptive cross-sectional study. From November 2016 to April 2017, the study period spanned six months. Bio-based nanocomposite Children aged between two months and sixty months, who met the selection criteria, provided the data. The researchers in this study utilized a purposive method for sampling. Thorough historical information was gathered, and meticulous examinations and relevant investigations were carried out. Among 100 patients with community-acquired pneumonia, a figure of 340% had hyponatremia, contrasting with an equally surprising figure of 660% who did not exhibit the condition. A dramatic increase in hyponatremia (455%) is observed in severe pneumonia, while moderate pneumonia shows a considerably smaller increase (333%), and mild pneumonia displays no signs of hyponatremia at all. buy WS6 Patients with pneumonia and hyponatremia exhibited significantly elevated mean temperatures, respiratory rates, heart rates, head nodding, nasal flaring, grunting, stridor, cyanosis, convulsions, feeding difficulties, and poor air entry compared to those with pneumonia but without hyponatremia. In pneumonia cases where hyponatremia was present, the average duration of symptoms and average hospital stay were demonstrably higher compared to those without hyponatremia. For hyponatremic individuals, the mean serum sodium concentration was 13218151 mmol/L, differing markedly from the 13791194 mmol/L concentration seen in normonatremic individuals. core biopsy Statistically significant higher mean values of total leukocyte count, ESR, and C-reactive protein were found in pneumonia patients concomitantly diagnosed with hyponatremia. Serum hemoglobin levels were demonstrably lower in hyponatremic patients when contrasted with normonatremic patients.